Single crystals doped with rare-earth ions are grown using the Czochralski method.

Refefences:

Spectroscopic investigations of 142Nd3+:YVO4 for quantum memory applications. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37, 1653 (2020)

Growth and spectroscopic investigation of NdCl3⋅6H2O crystal. Physics Letters A 399, 127295 (2021)