Single crystals doped with rare-earth ions are grown using the Czochralski method.

Refefences:

Spectroscopic investigations of 142Nd3+:YVO4 for quantum memory applications. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37, 1653 (2020)

Growth and spectroscopic investigation of NdCl3⋅6H2O crystal. Physics Letters A 399, 127295 (2021)

浓度依赖的掺铕硅酸钇晶体的光学和自旋非均匀展宽. 物理学报, 73, 100301 (2024)